Down syndrome

Down syndrome is a genetic condition. It's caused by having an extra chromosome. This affects how a baby's body and brain develop during pregnancy and after birth.

People who have this condition may share similar features, such as almond-shaped eyes that tilt upward. They may learn to talk later than other children. And they may have some intellectual disability. Some people may also have certain health issues, such as a heart problem. But every person's experience is different, and each person with Down syndrome has unique strengths and abilities.

People with Down syndrome can have a range of symptoms. They may share similar features, such as almond-shaped eyes that tilt upward. And they usually learn to talk later than other children and have some intellectual disability. But every person is different, and each will have unique strengths and abilities.

Some people may also have certain health issues, such as heart, intestine, ear, or breathing problems. These issues often lead to other problems, such as airway (respiratory) infections or hearing loss. But most of these problems can be treated.

Several tests can be done during pregnancy to find out if a fetus has Down syndrome. You may decide to have:

Screening tests.

These include an ultrasound and a blood test during the first or second trimester. These tests can help show if a fetus is at risk for Down syndrome.

Diagnostic tests.

These include chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis. They can show if a fetus has Down syndrome. You may want to have these tests if you have abnormal results from a screening test or if you are worried about Down syndrome.

Sometimes a baby is diagnosed after birth. A doctor may have a good idea that a baby has Down syndrome based on the way the baby looks and the results of a physical exam. To make sure, the baby's blood will be tested.

A baby with Down syndrome will be tested for health problems soon after birth. These include eye, ear, or thyroid problems. The sooner any problems are found, the better they can be managed.

Regular doctor visits can help your child stay in good health. Most children with Down syndrome need speech therapy and physical therapy.

Teens and adults with Down syndrome may need occupational therapy to learn job skills and learn how to live on their own. If they need social and emotional support, counseling can help.

You can help your child improve muscle control and learn new skills. Playing games like pat-a-cake can help your child learn to control their arm and hand muscles. Helping your child learn to roll over can help with mobility and strength. Enrolling your child in an early-intervention program can also be helpful.