What is a hemodialysis diet?
A hemodialysis diet is an eating plan that helps reduce the amount of waste in your blood between dialysis sessions. Different people may have different diet needs. But most hemodialysis diets involve increasing the amount of protein you eat, limiting salt and fluids, and limiting certain minerals, such as potassium.
Why is a hemodialysis diet used?
A hemodialysis diet keeps the waste in your blood at a level that the dialysis machine can handle. If there's too much waste in your blood, the machine may not be able to remove it all. When you follow your diet carefully, you may feel better and stay healthier.
Changing your diet when you have chronic kidney disease
When you have kidney disease, making changes to your diet can help protect your kidneys. It can also help you control other diseases, such as diabetes and high blood pressure, that can make kidney disease worse.
- There is no one diet that is right for everyone who has kidney disease. Your doctor or dietitian can tailor a diet for you based on how well your kidneys are working.
- It may be hard to change your diet. You may have to give up many foods you like. But it is very important to make the recommended changes so you can stay healthy for as long as possible.
- A dietitian can help you make an eating plan with the right amounts of salt (sodium), potassium, and protein. You may also need to limit how much fluid you drink each day.
- You need to get enough calories to be healthy and have energy. If you have a hard time eating enough, talk to your doctor or dietitian about ways to add calories to your diet.
- Your diet may change over time as your disease changes. See your doctor for regular testing, and work with a dietitian to adjust your diet as needed.
These are general food guidelines for people who have kidney disease. Be sure to follow the diet your doctor or dietitian gave you.
These diet tips are not for you if you are on dialysis or have had a kidney transplant. Follow the special diet your doctor gave you.
- Know how much protein you can have each day.
Eating too much protein can stress the kidneys. But if you don't get enough, you can become weak, tired, and more likely to get infections. To get the right amount of protein:
- Talk to your doctor or dietitian to figure out how much protein you need each day. This will depend on your weight, the health of your kidneys, and if you are on dialysis.
- Learn which foods contain protein. High-protein foods include meat, poultry, seafood, and eggs. Milk and milk products, beans, nuts, breads, pastas, cereals, and vegetables also contain protein.
- Limit sodium.
- Don't add salt to your food.
- Read food labels, and look for hidden sodium. Buy foods that are labeled "no salt added," "sodium-free," or "low-sodium." Foods labeled "reduced-sodium" and "light sodium" may still have too much sodium.
- Avoid salted snacks such as pretzels, chips, and popcorn.
- Avoid smoked, cured, salted, and canned meat, fish, and poultry. This includes ham, bacon, hot dogs, and luncheon meats.
- Don't use a salt substitute or lite salt unless your doctor or dietitian says it is okay. Most salt substitutes and lite salts are high in potassium. Use lemon, herbs, and other spices to flavor your meals.
- Limit how often you eat food from restaurants. Most of the sodium we eat is hidden in processed foods and restaurant food, especially at fast-food and take-out places.
- Limit fluids if your doctor or dietitian recommends it.
If you need to limit fluids:
- Know how much fluid you can drink. Each day, fill a pitcher with that amount of water. If you drink another fluid during the day, such as coffee, pour an equal amount of water out of the pitcher. When the pitcher is empty, you're done drinking for the day.
- Remember that soups and foods that are liquid at room temperature count as fluids. These include ice, gelatin, ice pops, and ice cream.
- Count the liquid in canned fruits and vegetables as part of your daily intake, or drain them well before serving.
- Limit potassium if your doctor or dietitian recommends it.
If you need to limit potassium:
- Choose low-potassium fruits such as blueberries and raspberries.
- Choose low-potassium vegetables such as cucumber and radishes.
- Limit phosphorus if your doctor or dietitian recommends it.
If you need to limit phosphorus:
- Follow your food plan to know how much milk and milk products you can include.
- Limit nuts, peanut butter, seeds, lentils, beans, organ meats, and sardines. Also limit cured meats such as sausages, bologna, and hot dogs.
- Avoid colas and soft drinks with phosphate or phosphoric acid.
- Avoid bran breads and bran cereals.
- Don't skip meals or go for many hours without eating.
If you don't feel very hungry, try to eat 4 or 5 small meals instead of 1 or 2 big meals.
- Talk to your doctor or dietitian if you have trouble keeping your weight up.
Your doctor or dietitian can suggest ways you can add calories to your diet. Healthy fats such as olive or canola oil may be good choices. Unless you have diabetes, you can use honey and sugar to add calories and increase energy.
- Don't take any vitamins or minerals, supplements, or herbal products without talking to your doctor first.
- Check with your doctor about whether it is safe for you to drink alcohol.
If you do drink alcohol, have no more than 1 drink a day. Count it as part of your fluids for the day.
Chronic kidney disease diet (before dialysis): How can you care for yourself?
- Work with your doctor or dietitian to create a food plan.
- Do not skip meals or go for many hours without eating. If you do not feel very hungry, try to eat 4 or 5 small meals instead of 1 or 2 big meals.
- If you have a hard time eating enough, talk to your doctor or dietitian about ways you can add calories to your diet.
- Do not take any vitamins or minerals, supplements, or herbal products without talking to your doctor first.
- Check with your doctor about whether it is safe for you to drink alcohol.
To get the right amount of protein
- Ask your doctor or dietitian how much protein you can have each day. Most people with chronic kidney disease need to limit the amount of protein they eat. But you still need some protein to stay healthy.
- Include all sources of protein in your daily protein count. Besides meat, poultry, fish, and eggs, protein is found in milk and milk products, beans and nuts, breads, cereals, and vegetables.
To limit salt
- Read food labels on cans and food packages. The labels tell you how much sodium is in each serving. Make sure that you look at the serving size. If you eat more than the serving size, you will get more sodium than what is listed on the label.
- Do not add salt to your food.
- Buy foods that are labeled "no salt added," "sodium-free," or "low-sodium." Foods labeled "reduced-sodium" and "light sodium" may still have too much sodium.
- Limit processed foods, fast food, and restaurant foods. These types of food are very high in sodium.
- Avoid salted pretzels, chips, popcorn, and other salted snacks.
- Avoid smoked, cured, salted, and canned meat, fish, and poultry. This includes ham, bacon, hot dogs, and luncheon meats.
- You may use lemon, herbs, and spices to flavor your meals.
To limit potassium
- Choose low-potassium fruits such as applesauce, pineapple, grapes, blueberries, and raspberries.
- Choose low-potassium vegetables such as lettuce, green beans, cucumber, and radishes.
- Choose low-potassium foods such as pasta, noodles, rice, tortillas, and bagels.
- Limit or avoid high-potassium foods such as milk, bananas, oranges, cantaloupe, potatoes, spinach, tomatoes, broccoli, and sweet potatoes.
- Do not use a salt substitute or lite salt unless your doctor says it is okay. Most salt substitutes and lite salts are high in potassium.
To limit phosphorus
- Follow your food plan to know how much milk and milk products you can have.
- Limit nuts, peanut butter, seeds, lentils, beans, organ meats, and sardines.
- Avoid cola drinks.
- Avoid bran breads or bran cereals.
If you need to limit fluids
- Know how much fluid you can drink. Every day fill a pitcher with that amount of water. If you drink another fluid (such as coffee) that day, pour an equal amount of water out of the pitcher.
- Count foods that are liquid at room temperature as fluids. These include ice, gelatin, ice pops, and ice cream.
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The content above contains general health information provided by Healthwise, Incorporated, and reviewed by its medical experts. This content should not replace the advice of your healthcare provider. Not all treatments or services described are offered as services by us. For recommended treatments, please consult your healthcare provider.